Orphic Sages

Orphic Sages

Defintion:

is a philosophy that has the idea of original sin, and there are constant ongoing cycles. Once something happens it will repeat itself in the future. It also has the aspect that everyone and everything with be reincarnated as something different, going back to the cycles.

Sample Sentences:
 
Orphic Sages Philosophy with the idea of original sin. 
 
It's a cycle, every year is the same thing, just as the orphic sages suggest.

If the orphic sages are correct, someday I will be reincarnated, hopefully into a butterfly.

Usage:

The Seven Sages and Orphism
http://hajarmulder.wordpress.com/2008/11/15/the-seven-sages-and-orphism/
Greek Mystery Schools
http://www.unexplainedstuff.com/Religious-Phenomena/Greek-Mystery-Schools-Dionysus.html
Paragraph:

Orphic Sages believe in the philosophy that is derived from a form of the cult of Dionysus, or Bacchus. These beliefs are not widespread in the US anymore. These people are said to believe in witchcraft. People with these beliefs often act and dress differently that "ordinary, everyday people." Those that believe this may have different morals and can causes actions to occur that can really hurt others.

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Monoism

Monoism

Definition:

Any of various theories holding that there is only one basic substance or principle as the ground of reality, or that reality consists of a single element.

Sample Sentences:

Transformations have taken place in the polity, which is reflected in the shift from monism to pluralism.

Using this argument it is possible to take a materialist stance whilst rejecting the implication of materialist monism that our minds are purely reactive.

A methodological monism of empirical science assumes that everything is essentially matter.

Usage:

New Advent - Catholic Encyclopedia
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10483a.htm

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/monism/

Paragraph:

Monisms is a philosophical term that contrasts with pluralisms and nihilisms.  Wherever pluralistic philosophy distinguishes a multiplicity of things, Monism denies that the manifoldness is real, and holds that the apparently many are phases, or phenomena, of a one. Wherever dualistic philosophy distinguishes between body and soul, matter and spirit, object and subject, matter and force, the system which denies such a distinction, reduces one term of the antithesis to the other, or merges both in a higher unity, is called Monism.  They attribute oneness to (the target), and how they count (the unit).  Illustrations show that monism must be relativized to both a target and a unit.

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Plato's Allegory of the Cave

Plato's Allegory if the Cave

Definition:

Plato's allegory of the cave is a hypothetical scenario depicted by an enlightening conversation between Socrates and Plato's brother, Glaucon. The conversation basically deals with the ignorance of humanity trapped within the precincts of conventional ethics.

Sample Sentences:

The Allegory of the Cave is one of Greek philosopher Plato’s most well known works.

In the Allegory of the Cave Plato plays with the notion of what would occur if people suddenly encountered the divine light of the sun, and perceived “true” reality.

In the beginning of the Allegory of the Cave Plato represents man’s condition as being “chained in a cave,” with only a fire behind him.

Usage:

Allegory of the Cave
http://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/320/cave.htm

Allegory of the Cave - Plato's Allegory
http://platosallegory.com/

Paragraph:

Plato's Allegory of the Cave is a contrast in a way which we perceive and believe in what is reality.  The basic tenets we perseive are imperfect refections which represent truth and reality.  The puppeteers see their shadows but know they are just shadows and not real, prisoners can only seee the shadows and think they are real without seeing the true object from is causing shadows.  The prisoners return and repeat the process and get used to not seeing the light, then see the light/ reality so that they can realize more things they missed each time.  They learn about reality over and over again.

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Atheism

Atheism

Definition:

The doctrin or belief that there is no God.

Sample Sentences:

To be secular, a school would be neutral on the subject of religion or belief, including atheism.

By contrast, she says, atheism is more open, less condemning.

Indeed, it seems like the supreme irony that militant atheism has managed to acquire the mentality of a religion.

Usage:

American Atheists
http://atheists.org/

Atheist Alliance International
http://www.atheistalliance.org/

Paragraph:

Atheism is the belief that there is no god.  The number of non-religious people living in the Republic increases by 400% over the past 20 years, census figures say.  I believe that people should believe there is a God, because that was how we were put on this world, but for the people that don't know why we are on this earth or think they aren't worth being alive, more than likely believe there is no God and are Atheist. 

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Monotheism

Monotheism

Definition:

The doctrin or belief that there is only one God.

Sample Sentences:

The plague narrative is reading back a pure monotheism into the account which was not there at the time of the plagues.

However, destroying shrines belies your efforts to present a better version of your islamic monotheism.

Without the assumptions of biblical monotheism much that has been achieved under the influence of those assumptions may not be able to stand.

Usage:

About.com
http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/religion/blrel_theism_mono.htm

Britannica Online Encyclopedia
http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/religion/blrel_theism_mono.htm

Paragraph:

The word monotheism comes from the Greek monos, which means one, and theos, which means god.  Monotheism it is distinguished from polytheism, the belief in the existence of many gods, and from atheism, the belief that there is no god.  Monotheism characterizes the traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and elements of the belief are detectable in numerous other religions.  The history of religions, however, indicates many phenomena and concepts that should warn against oversimplification in this matter.

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Machiavelli

Machiavelli

Definition:

an Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer, who was born on May 3, 1469, in Florence, Italy.
Sample Sentences:

The reason for this is a small pamphlet Machiavelli wrote called The Prince to gain influence with the ruling Medici family in Florence.

Machiavelli entered the Florentine government as a secretary.

Machiavelli had been unfairly attacked all of his life because of a bad reputation.

Usage:

Brainy Quotes
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/n/niccolo_machiavelli.html
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/
Paragraph:

Machiavelli's early life was in comparison with many important figures of the Italian Renaissance.  He studied politics and patriotism.  The first of his writings in a more reflective vein was ultimately the one most commonly associated with his name, The Prince.  The Prince was composed in a great rush by an author who was seeking to regain his status in the Florentine government.  He wrote verse, plays, and short prose, penned a study of The Art of War, and produced biographical and historical sketches.
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Skepticism

Skepticism

Definition:

Doubt or unbelief with regard to a religion.  The doctrines or opinions of philosophical Skeptics; universal doubt.

Sample Sentences:

Hood says that with each of the major transitions he's been a part of, he has faced skepticism.

Not surprisingly, the plans met with skepticism from colleges.

After all, out certainty arguably gets us into trouble more than our skepticism does.

Usage:

Matching Quote

"Skepticism is provisional, even if it lasts a lifetime."

-José Bergamín

http://quotes.dictionary.com/Skepticism_is_provisional_even_if_it_lasts_a?__utma=1.524944440.1349731199.1350488318.1350663722.11&__utmb=1.4.9.1350663968723&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1350663722.11.7.utmcsr=google|utmccn=(organic)|utmcmd=organic|utmctr=(not%20provided)&__utmv=-&__utmk=186464681

 

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism/

 

Paragraph:

 

Skepticism is the attitude of doubt of a disposition to incredibly in general or toward a particular object.  In the book Grendel, skepticism is used.  Grendel came into the world under his beliefs taught by his monther.  One day he's stuck outside of his comfort zone and he sees men, which change his perspective.  Then he sees men of the Hall, Unferth, the King, and more, and he's confused.  He also meets the Shaper, which tries to explain the "real" world to him, which only confuses Grendel more.  Also, he meets the dragon and is told to be more of an evil and vicious monster.  He then is swept up by the sweetness of Wealtheow.  Throughout Grendel, his beliefs and values are so confusing to him, he thinks everything has no meaning.  All of this is an example of skepticism.

 

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Whitehead

Whitehead

Definition:

a notable mathematician, logician, educator and philosopher who was born on February 15^th, 1861 at Ramsgate in Kent, England.

Sample Sentences:

Whitehead was an Englishman by birth and a mathematician by formal education.

While Whitehead was widely recognized for his collaborative work with Bertrand Russell on the Principia Mathematica, he also made highly innovative contributions to philosophy, especially in the area of process metaphysics.

Whitehead’s decades-long focus on the logical and algebraic issues of space and geometry which led to his work on extension, became an integral part of an explosion of profoundly original philosophical work He began publishing even as his career as an academic mathematician was reaching a close.
Usage:

Brainy Quote http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/a/alfred_north_whitehead.html
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/whitehead/
Paragraph:

Whitehead was best known for his work in mathematical logic and the philosophy of science.  He came together with Bertrand Russell and authored the landmark three-volume Principia Mathematica.  He also contributed to the 20th century logic, philosophy of science and metaphysics.  Later on he worked on more general issues in philosophy, including the development of a comprehensive metaphysical system which has come to be known as process philosophy.  He also studied many practical aspects of tertiary education, serving as Dean of the Faculty of Science and holding several other administrative posts. He has many essays in his book The Aims of Education and Other Essays.
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Nietsche

Nietsche

Definition:

A German philosopher of the late 19th century who was born on October 15, 1844 in Röcken bei Lützen, Prussian Province of Saxony, Germany.

Sample Sentences:

Nietzsche was interested in the enhancement of individual and cultural health, and believed in life, creativity, power, and the realities of the world we live in, rather than those situated in a world beyond.

Nietzsche's revitalizing philosophy has inspired leading figures in all walks of cultural life, including dancers, poets, novelists, painters, psychologists, philosophers, sociologists and social revolutionaries.

August 25, 1900, Nietzsche died.

Usage:

Brainy Quote
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/f/friedrich_nietzsche.html

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/

Paragraph:

Nietzche challenged foundations of Christianity and traditional mortality.  The basics to his philosophy is the idea of“life-affirmation,” which involves an honest questioning of all doctrines that drain life's expansive energies.  He was often referred to as one of the first existentialist philosophers.  Nietzsche's first book was published in 1872 and was called The Birth of Tragedy, Out of the Spirit of Music (Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik), concerning the understanding of Greek culture.  He offers different models of heroic characters as the years go by in his writtings. 

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Materialism

Materialism

Definition:

The philosophical theory that regards matter and its motions as constituting the universe,  and all phenomena, including those of mind, as due to material agencies.

Sample Sentences:

Materialism inherently implies that the mind is a function of the brain.

So lets start acting that way and get over all the materialism and focus on whats really at hand.

From the 18th century enlightenment to marxist historical materialism, strong claims have been made in response to these questions.

Usage:

Matching Quote

"Criticism is infested with the cant of materialism, which assumes that manual skill and activity is the first merit of all men, and disparages such as say and do not, overlooking the fact, that some men, namely, poets, are natural sayers, sent into the world to the end of expression, and confounds them with those whose province is action, but who quit to imitate the sayers."

-Ralph Waldo Emerson

 

Paragraph:

 

Materialism was used by philosophers and scientists.  It involves facts about the human mind, will, and human history.  It's the idea that everything is either made of only matter or is ultimately dependent upon matter for its existance and nature.  Materialism is used in the Great Gatsby.  It's also in The Bible, Beowulf, The Renaissance.

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Existentialism

Existentialism

Definition:

a philosophical attitude associated especially with Heidegger, Jaspers, Marcel, and Sartre, and opposed to rationalism an empiricism, that stresses the individual's unique position as a self.

Sample Sentences:

To know my knowledge, no one has remarked on his existentialism.

Generally regarded as a founder of existentialism, he disliked the attribution.

 

Therefore, we are entitled to say that the idea of death constitutes the central theme of this deeply existential poetry.

 

Usage:

 

All About Philosophy

http://www.allaboutphilosophy.org/existentialism.htm

 

The Basics of Philosophy

http://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_existentialism.html

 

Paragraph:

 

    A movement in twentieth-century literature and philosophy, with some forerunners in earlier centuries. Existentialism stresses that people are entirely free and therefore responsible for what they make of themselves.  With this responsibility comes a profound anguish or dread.  It helps to let you learn what philosophy is and is not.  It's referred to as intellectual history.  It was associated with some help of esistentialist writers.

 

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Solipsism

Solipsism

Definition:

Philosophy. the theory that only the self exists, or can be proved to exist

Sample Sentences:

Our own solipsism causes us to see animals as personifying certain human traits.

 

The controversy is a kind of unholy combination of inside-the-Beltway myopia and journalistic solipsism.

 

People go to church to show their solipsism for God.

 

Usuage:

 

101 words I don't use

http://www.niquette.com/books/101words/solipsism.htm

 

Words Worth blog

http://wordsworthonline.blogspot.com/2007/08/solipsism.html

 

Paragraph:

 

    No great philosopher has espoused solipsism. As a theory, it is clearly very far removed from common sense.  Solipsism has been expressed and described as "I am the only mind which exists", also, "My mental states are the only mental states."  The foundations of solipsism lie at the heart of the view that the individual gets his own psychological concepts from “his own cases,” that is by abstraction from “inner experience.”  It is consisted of time and space and "my" consciousness.

 

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Camus

Camus

 Definition:

French-Algerian journalist, playwright, novelist, writer of philosophical essays, and Nobel laureate who was was born on November 7, 1913, in Mondovi, a small village near the seaport city of Bonê (present-day Annaba) in the northeast region of French Algeria.
Sample Sentences:

Camus was at the height of his career, at work on an autobiographical novel, planning new projects for theatre, film, and television, and still seeking a solution to the lacerating political turmoil in his native Algeria.

Over the next three years Camus further established himself as an emerging author, journalist, and theatre professional.
Camus died tragically in an automobile accident in January, 1960.

Usage:

Brainy Quote http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/a/albert_camus.html
Albert Camus Critical Interpretation Homepage
http://www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/users/00/pwillen1/lit/indexa.htm
Paragraph:

    Albert Camus was a French pied-noir author, journalist, and philosopher.  He was a representative of non-metropolitan French literature. His origin in Algeria and his experiences there were major influences in his thought and work.  Camus joined the resistance movement during the occupation.  He believed in "collective creation".  Most of his writing where responces to demands of the time.  He got a noble prize on his work of existentialism and human alienation.

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Hume

Hume

 Definition:

Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism who was born in 1711 to a moderately wealthy family from Berwickshire Scotland, near Edinburgh.
Sample Sentences:

Part of Hume’s fame and importance owes to his boldly skeptical approach to a range of philosophical subjects.

“Hume is our Politics, Hume is our Trade, Hume is our Philosophy, Hume is our Religion.”
Hume’s skeptical claim is that we have no experience of a simple, individual impression that we can call the self—where the “self” is the totality of a person’s conscious life.
Usage:

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume/
David Hume
http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/hume.html
Paragraph:

    David Hume was a Scottish philosopher. historian and economist.  He uses empricists philosophy which is a view of causality, the problem of induction, and the distinction between fact and value.   Hume also works with various forms of moderate or mitigated skepticism.  He was a harsh critic of metaphysics and religion.  His first and most famous and successful works was Treatise of Human Nature.  One of his works, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, argues about his views on the natural religion of the British Royal Society.
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Sartre

Sartre

 Definition:

Professor of Philosophy, independent writer, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, literary critic, and playwright who was born in Paris in 1905.
Sample Sentences:

Sartre is one of those writers for whom a determined philosophical position is the centre of their artistic being.

Since the end of the Second World War, Sartre has been living as an independent writer.

Sartre is perhaps best known as a playwright.

Usage:

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sartre/
Brainy Quote http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/j/jeanpaul_sartre.html
Paragraph:

    Sartre was a Professor of Philosophy, independent writer, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, literary critic, and playwright.  He believed that literature was committed; artistic creation is a moral activity.  His central philosophical work, L'Etre et le néant (Being and Nothingness), was a massive structuralization of his concept of being.  His popular essay L'Existentialisme est un humanisme (Existentialism is a Humanism), can be seen in the series of novels, Les Chemins de la Liberté (The Roads to Freedom).  He was known as the best playwright of his time. 

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Maslow

Maslow

 Definition:

a Psychologist and practioner of humanistic psychology who was born April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York.
Sample Sentences:

To satisfy his parents, Maslow first studied law at the City College of New York.
Maslow became interested in research on human sexuality.

Maslow served as the chair of the psychology department at Brandeis from 1951 to 1969.

Usage:

Official Abraham Maslow Publications
http://www.maslow.com/
Business Balls
http://www.businessballs.com/maslow.htm
Paragraph:

    Maslow was a psychologist and practioner of humanistic psychology.  He descovered the five Human Hierarchy of Needs.  He made a model of this in order from the most needed to least, self-actualization, esteem, belonging/love, safety, and then biological and physiological.  This diagram has been updated as well so it was never just perfect the first time because of it's criticism.  The Human Hierarchy of Needs was also made into a book, The Organism.  He had also made his own crusade for a humanistic psychology, which was ultimately much more important to him than his own theorizing. 

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Goethe

Goethe

 Definition:

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a German writer, artist, and politician who was born on 28 August 1749 in Frankfurt, Germany.
Sample Sentences:

Goethe's early years of education were inconsistent; informally from his father and then with tutors.

At the age of sixteen, in 1765, Goethe went to Leipzig University to study law as his father wished, though he also gained much recognition from the Rococo poems and lyric he wrote during this period.
Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) a novel written in monologue, inspired by his unrequited love for Charlotte Buff, the fiancé of a friend, became a worldwide success for him at the age of 25.

Usage:

Brainy Quote http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/j/johann_wolfgang_von_goeth.html
http://www.iuj.ac.jp/media/stokes/goethe.htm
Paragraph:

    Goethe was a German writer, artist, and politican.  He was the greates contributor of the Romantic Period.  He studied law, geological and botanical studies.  He's famous for his two part poetic drama, Faust.  Goethe achieved fame in Germany with the play Goetz of Berlichingen, which scorned fashionable literary correctness, formalism, and cosmopolitanism.  Goethe's careful attention to sociological factors made him an important factor of many modern thinkers.


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Beckett

Beckett

 Definition:

Samuel Barclay Beckett was an Irish novelist, playwright, theatre director, and poet, who was born on Good Friday, April 13, 1906, near Dublin, Ireland.
Sample Sentences:

Beckett made his way through Ireland, France, England, and Germany, all the while writing poems and stories and doing odd jobs to get by.

He joined the underground movement and fought for the resistance until 1942.

Samuel Beckett's first play, Eleutheria, mirrors his own search for freedom, revolving around a young man's efforts to cut himself loose from his family and social obligations.
Usage:

The Modern World
http://www.themodernword.com/beckett/
The New York Times
http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/b/samuel_beckett/index.html
Paragraph:

    Samuel Beckett was a novelist, playwright, theatre director and poet.  He was a very quiet and kept to himself kind of person.  He wrote an essage defence of Joyce's Magnum Opus agaisnt the publics lazy demand for essay comprehensibility.  He got a noble prize for his piece the "Whoroscope".  He was involved in the ungerground movement and the resistance.  One of his works that he is most famous for is "Waiting for Godot" (1953), the most influential play of the last hundred years, forever altering the form and direction of drama. 


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Blaise Pascal

Blaise Pascal

 Definition:

a French Mathmatican, Inventor, Writer, and Pilosopher who was born at Clermont on June 19, 1623, and died at Paris on Aug. 19, 1662.
Sample Sentences:

Pascal employed his arithmetical triangle in 1653, but no account of his method was printed till 1665.

Pascal's arithmetical triangle, to any required order, is got by drawing a diagonal downwards from right to left as in the figure.

Pascal made an illegitimate use of the new theory in the seventh chapter of his Pensées.

Usage:

http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Pascal/RouseBall/RB_Pascal.html
Stanford Encylopedia of Philosophy
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pascal/
Paragraph:

    Pascal was a French Mathamatican, Inventor, Writer, and Philosopher.  He invented the Calculating Machine.  He made The Mathematical Theory of Probability.  He contributed to the number theory and geometry.  Pascal was at first involved in the religious movement then his views changed and was always around the gamblers and thinkers.  He was influenced by Michel De Montaigne.

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Whitehead's Metaphysics

Whitehead's Metaphysics
 Definition:

is the most advanced and sophisticated version of process philosophy, an ontology that takes events rather than enduring substances as the basic units of reality.
Sample Sentences:

The Canadian symposium on Whitehead’s Metaphysics was held May 25, 1992.

Whitehead's Metaphysics made the Process & Reality.

That Whitehead’s philosophy would become more easily understood in the future was a sentiment expressed by many of Whitehead’s contemporaries; the present essay is intended to give substance to such a hope.

Usuage:

Religion Online
http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=2837
Questia
http://www.questia.com/library/1439560/whitehead-s-metaphysics-an-introductory-exposition
Paragraph:

    Whitehead's Metaphysics was created by Alfred North Metaphysics.  It was invented to learn the basics of reality.  It forms the Process & Reality which defines the task of "Speculative Philosophy" and attemps to determine chronilogical order The book recieved its strongest impetus in May, 1976.  The book was a struggle with many complications and problems through out it.


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